A common example of a security policy is restricting access to sensitive areas, such as secure data rooms, to authorized personnel only. This typically involves using access cards, biometric scanners, or keycard systems for identity verification as mentioned in the security policy template . Another example is securing a facility's perimeter with fencing, barriers, and gates to prevent unauthorized entry.

Security policies address various areas of concern, with three prominent types standing out:

1. Physical Security Policy: This encompasses measures protecting the physical premises and people from threats like fires, theft, and unauthorized entry. It outlines employee access, identity authentication, facility requirements, and alarm systems.
2. Workplace Security Policy: This is a fundamental, overarching policy outlining a company's general security goals for both internal and external threats. It includes basic rules like wearing ID badges, password guidelines.
3. Digital Security Policy: This focuses on protecting software, data, and non-physical aspects of the business. It involves securing networks, using strong passwords, avoiding phishing, and ensuring reliable networks for physical security systems.

The 4 C's of security are a framework of four essential elements:

1. Concealment: Hiding or protecting assets and vulnerabilities to prevent unauthorized access or detection, using measures like physical barriers or encryption.
2. Control: Establishing mechanisms to regulate access, monitor activities, and enforce security protocols, including access control systems and surveillance.
3. Communication: Ensuring timely information exchange and coordination among stakeholders for effective responses to security incidents and emergencies.
4. Continuity: Maintaining essential functions and operations during disruptions, encompassing contingency planning, redundancy, and disaster recovery to ensure business resilience.

Depending on access requirements and security needs, organizations primarily employ four types of access control models:

• Mandatory Access Control (MAC): The most restrictive, where only the owner/custodian manages access. End-users have no control, often found in military/government settings.

• Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Access is granted based on an individual's organizational role or position, simplifying administration as permissions are tied to the role, not the individual.

• Discretionary Access Control (DAC): The least restrictive, allowing individuals full control over objects they own, including setting permissions for others.

• Rule-Based Access Control (RBAC or RB-RBAC): Dynamically assigns roles based on defined criteria (e.g., time of day). Rules are often programmed by the administrator.

Access control is built on three core principles that determine who has the right to do what. These principles are Identification, Authentication, and Authorization. Identification is the process of determining who someone is, typically via user IDs or physical badges, uniquely identifying individuals. Authentication then verifies that the identified user is indeed who they claim to be, commonly through passwords, often enhanced with multifactor authentication, or biometric scans like fingerprints or facial recognition. Finally, Authorization dictates what specific resources the authenticated user is permitted to access, often managed through access control lists that define exact permissions for unique user IDs, or more efficiently via role-based access control where permissions are tied to a user's organizational role.